Logical relationships among emergence characteristics

Characterize the logical relationships among the paper’s enumerated characteristics of emergence (e.g., discontinuities, universality, diversity, modularity at the mesoscale, structure, self‑organisation, unpredictability, irreducibility, downward causation, complexity, closure) relative to novelty; specifically, identify which are necessary, sufficient, both, or independent, providing proofs or counterexamples.

Background

The paper culminates by explicitly posing the need to understand how commonly cited characteristics of emergence relate logically to its defining feature, novelty.

Resolving these relationships would sharpen conceptual frameworks and guide empirical and theoretical investigations across disciplines.