Fundamental open problems of dark matter and dark energy

Determine the physical basis and resolution of the two open problems in modern cosmology concerning dark matter and dark energy, clarifying their status and role in explaining observed gravitational phenomena such as galactic rotation curves and late-time cosmic acceleration.

Background

The paper reviews the success of General Relativity while emphasizing that cosmological observations still require invoking dark matter and dark energy to account for galaxy rotation curves and the accelerated expansion of the universe. Despite extensive efforts, these components lack direct detection and a definitive theoretical underpinning.

Motivated by this context, the authors propose modeling dark energy as an effective superconducting-like medium that can endow the graviton with mass, potentially explaining phenomena commonly attributed to dark matter and offering new phenomenology for gravitational waves.