Determine the nature of dark energy

Determine the physical nature of dark energy, modeled as the cosmological constant Λ and described as a uniformly distributed energy component responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe within the ΛCDM framework.

Background

The ΛCDM model includes dark energy, represented by the cosmological constant Λ, to account for the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. While its gravitational effect is well established, the underlying physical nature of dark energy is not known.

The authors note this uncertainty explicitly, distinguishing dark energy from dark matter and highlighting that its characterization remains a major open question in cosmology.