Verification of hybrid quantum-computing outputs

Develop reliable methods for verifying the outputs of hybrid quantum-classical services when strong coupling to underlying quantum hardware prevents dependable intermediate verification.

Background

Hybrid quantum-classical workflows depend on quantum processors whose outputs can vary with hardware characteristics, noise, and qubit topology. The paper emphasizes that current quantum-as-a-service systems do not reliably provide intermediate verification of outputs, creating difficulties for performance verification, software testing, and validation of hardware behavior.

The paper explicitly identifies verification as an open research problem. A solution would need to establish whether executed quantum instructions and returned results are correct and reliable enough for controlled, reproducible hybrid workflows.