Reliable real-time detection of solar-wind transients

Establish reliable real-time detection of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, corotating interaction regions, and interplanetary shocks from in-situ solar-wind measurements at the Sun–Earth L1 point.

Background

The paper identifies early detection of major solar-wind transients as a central operational challenge for space-weather forecasting. Existing threshold-based methods cannot adequately represent the combined magnetic and plasma structure of a transient, while supervised machine-learning methods depend on incomplete event catalogs. The unresolved problem is to achieve reliable real-time detection across the principal transient classes before their effects reach Earth.

References

Reliable real-time detection of each remains unresolved.

— PISCES: Physics-Informed Solar-wind Convolutional autoEncoder for Space-weather Anomaly Detection and Early Warning  (2609.28022 - Lee et al., 23 Sep 2026) in Section 1, Introduction

Mapping physical changes to event classes remains an open modeling task.

— PISCES: Physics-Informed Solar-wind Convolutional autoEncoder for Space-weather Anomaly Detection and Early Warning  (2609.28022 - Lee et al., 23 Sep 2026) in Section 10, Discussion, subsection “Contributions of Decomposition”