Unified Data-Driven Forecasting of High-Speed Streams and Coronal Mass Ejections

Develop a unified data-driven solar-wind-speed forecasting system that jointly represents high-speed streams and coronal mass ejections, including their occurrence and effects on solar-wind conditions at Earth.

Background

PRO-SWF explicitly models solar-wind speed without direct information about coronal-mass-ejection occurrence or properties. Although active regions in the solar images and magnetograms may provide weak implicit information about CME likelihood, the model does not explicitly forecast CMEs. The paper notes that incorporating CME predictions is difficult because coronagraph-derived CME parameters are highly uncertain, while physics-based propagation models can represent CMEs through parametrized injections. A unified data-driven system covering both recurrent high-speed streams and CME-driven disturbances is therefore left unresolved.