Mitigate data-switching error in the energy model

Develop a method to mitigate the data-switching effect in the MSP430 instruction-level energy model so that changes in operand bit patterns and the resulting additional energy consumption are incorporated more accurately.

Background

Bao estimates instruction energy using fixed costs learned from measurements and deliberately over-approximates measured energy. Validation shows a small residual underestimation attributed primarily to data switching, namely the additional energy consumed when operand bit patterns change between consecutive instructions. The paper explicitly leaves mitigation of this modeling effect unresolved.

References

We leave mitigating this effect to future work, which is orthogonal to our placement algorithm.

— Bao: Automatic Region Placement and Memory Allocation for Intermittent Computing  (2610.02624 - Kang et al., 2 Oct 2026) in Section 5.1, “Estimating Energy Consumption of Assembly,” subsection “Validation Results”