Determine the impact of entanglement-mediated small-world structure on observable phenomena

Determine how entanglement with particles in the unobservable universe and the resulting entanglement-mediated network structure affect observable phenomena, taking cosmological expansion and the full four-dimensional geometry into account.

Background

The paper extends its discussion beyond the observable universe and notes that cosmological expansion implies that entanglement with particles deep in the unobservable universe must be rooted in the distant past. Consequently, analyzing the associated network requires considering the full four-dimensional spacetime geometry rather than only a spatial hypersurface.

The authors do not resolve whether, or in what way, entanglement with unobservable particles and the resulting network structure influence phenomena accessible within the observable universe. This is presented as an unresolved issue distinct from the paper’s preliminary analysis of large-scale network structure within the observable universe.

References

Because of cosmological expansion, any entanglement with particles deep in the unobservable universe must be rooted in the distant past. So the full 4-dimensional geometry must be considered. The impact of entanglement with unobservable particles and of the resulting network structure on observable phenomena is obscure.

— Is the Quantum-Entangled Universe a Small World?  (2608.19459 - Duane, 19 Aug 2026) in Section 4, “Implications”