Tested theory for the universe prior to expansion

Develop and empirically constrain a testable physical theory that describes the state and dynamics of the universe prior to the onset of cosmic expansion in standard relativistic cosmology.

Background

General relativity now passes a wide array of demanding tests, including precise cosmological observations, yet the large-scale relativistic cosmology remains incomplete regarding the earliest stages. Inflationary ideas hint at pre–Big Bang behavior, but they do not constitute a tested theory of the pre-expansion epoch.

The author highlights that a fully tested account of the universe's state before expansion is lacking, identifying a central gap in our understanding of cosmic origins.