Beating vDSP: A 138 GFLOPS Radix-8 Stockham FFT on Apple Silicon via Two-Tier Register-Threadgroup Memory Decomposition

Abstract: We present an optimized Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) implementation for Apple Silicon GPUs, achieving 138.45~GFLOPS for $N!=!4096$ complex single-precision transforms -- a 29\% improvement over Apple's highly optimized vDSP/Accelerate baseline (107~GFLOPS). Our approach is grounded in a \emph{two-tier local memory model} that formally characterizes the Apple GPU's 208~KiB register file as the primary data-resident tier and the 32~KiB threadgroup memory as an exchange-only tier, extending the decomposition framework established in a 2015 PhD thesis on Intel integrated GPU FFT for radar processing. We implement and evaluate radix-4 and radix-8 split-radix Stockham kernels in Metal Shading Language (MSL), demonstrating that the radix-8 decimation-in-time butterfly with 512 threads yields the best performance. We further present the first investigation of Apple's \texttt{simdgroup_matrix} 8$\times$8 hardware MMA for FFT butterfly computation and report the counter-intuitive finding that on Apple GPU, threadgroup memory barriers are inexpensive ($\sim$2 cycles) while scattered threadgroup access patterns are the true bottleneck. Our multi-size implementation supports $N!=!256$ through $N!=!16384$ using a four-step decomposition for sizes exceeding the 32~KiB threadgroup memory limit. All kernels are validated against vDSP reference outputs.