Token Taxes: mitigating AGI's economic risks

Abstract: The development of AGI threatens to erode government tax bases, lower living standards, and disempower citizens -- risks that make the 40-year stagnation of wages during the first industrial revolution look mild in comparison. While AI safety research has focused primarily on capability risks, comparatively little work has studied how to mitigate the economic risks of AGI. In this paper, we argue that the economic risks posed by a post-AGI world can be effectively mitigated by token taxes: usage-based surcharges on model inference applied at the point of sale. We situate token taxes within previous proposals for robot taxes and identify two key advantages: they are enforceable through existing compute governance infrastructure, and they capture value where AI is used rather than where models are hosted. For enforcement, we outline a staged audit pipeline -- black-box token verification, norm-based tax rates, and white-box audits. For impact, we highlight the need for agent-based modeling of token taxes' economic effects. Finally, we discuss alternative approaches including FLOP taxes, and how to prevent AI superpowers vetoing such measures.