Spatio-Temporal Photonic Metalattice

Abstract: When coherent light interacts with an ordered lattice whose periodicity is comparable to its wavelength, constructive interference produces a diffraction pattern as in crystallography, where x-rays are employed to reveal atomic structures. By asking 'when' the diffractive object exist, rather than 'where', we implicitly introduce time as a design parameter, thus enabling the creation of spatio-temporal metalattices. In these structures, temporal modulation of optical properties complements the spatial patterning, unlocking advanced functionalities such as dynamic reconfigurability, nonreciprocal behavior, coherent amplification, and tailored spectral response. However, for these effects to be relevant an extreme temporal modulation of the refractive index is necessary. In this work, we realize a two-dimensional spatio-temporal metalattice by integrating a physically patterned spatial modulation with an orthogonal temporal lattice induced by interfering ultrafast pulses, using highly nonlinear, low-index transparent conducting films. While the optical pumps experience a uniform medium, the lattice emerges through a strongly enhanced and internally generated third harmonic signal. The transient lattice shows comparable diffraction efficiency to the physical structure and is also dynamically reconfigurable via a broad range of parameters, including pump pulse delay, incidence angle, and wavelength, offering exceptional versatility for ultra-fast transient lithography and photon manipulation in both momentum and frequency. This approach shifts device design from fixed fabrication constraints to radiation engineering, opening new pathways towards ultrafast reconfigurable photonics.