Cascade Relaxation of the Gravitating Vacuum as a Generator of the Evolving Universe

Abstract: The cascade relaxation of a polarized vacuum in the expanding Universe is a chain of evolutionary epochs of decreasing its density with the exit of dominant fields (each in its own time) from the initial zero states to nonzero values, from the dominant scalar field in the early Universe to subsequent ones, including the $\Lambda$-term in the modern Universe. The cascade vacuum relaxation creates the entire observable cosmology from the Friedmann model with small perturbations of the metric with non-power-law power spectra from which primordial black holes could have arisen, and gravitational waves over a wide wavenumber range to the formation of dark matter and energy, early galaxies, supermassive black holes, and the large-scale structure of the Universe. An observational model of cascade vacuum relaxation in the early Universe has been build, which contains two constants determined by observational data and does not require information on the potential of the fields. A solution has been obtained for the general relativity vacuum attractor, including, in addition to the two previously mentioned constants, the third constant (not yet limited by observations), which leads to an additional power of density perturbations on a small scale ($k>10\,$Mpc$^{-1}$) in the form of a ``bump'', a two-power-law spectrum, etc.