Towards a representative social cost of carbon
Abstract: The majority of estimates of the social cost of carbon use preference parameters calibrated to data for North America and Europe. We here use representative data for attitudes to time and risk across the world. The social cost of carbon is substantially higher in the global north than in the south. The difference is more pronounced if we count people rather than countries.
- Even the representative agent must die: Using demographics to inform long-term social discount rates. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 7 (2): 379–415.
- Intergenerational altruism and climate policy preferences. PNAS Nexus : pgae105.
- Estimation of a social discount rate for turkey. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 67: 78 – 85.
- Inequality and the social cost of carbon. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 6 (2): 243–273.
- Risk aversion, time preference, and the social cost of carbon. Environmental Research Letters 4 (2): 024002.
- Intertemporal equity, discounting, and economic efficiency. In Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change—Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds. James P. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, and Erik F. Haites, chapter 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Arrow, Kenneth J. 1950. A difficulty in the concept of social welfare. Journal of Political Economy 58 (4): 328–346.
- Policies, projections, and the social cost of carbon: Results from the DICE-2023 model. Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 2363, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
- The rising cost of climate change: Evidence from the bond market. Review of Economics and Statistics 105 (5): 1255 – 1270.
- The social discount rate for Canada based on future growth in consumption. Canadian Public Policy 36 (3): 325 – 343.
- Cline, William R. 1992. Optimal carbon emissions over time: Experiments with the Nordhaus DICE model. Working paper, Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C.
- Discounting human lives. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73 (5): 1410–1415.
- A time preference measure of the social discount rate for Iran. Journal of Economic Structures 7 (1).
- Discounting disentangled. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 10 (4): 109–34.
- Relative prices and climate policy: How the scarcity of nonmarket goods drives policy evaluation. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13 (1): 168–201.
- Eden, Maya. 2023. The cross-sectional implications of the social discount rate. Econometrica 91 (6): 2065–2088.
- Evans, David. 2004. A social discount rate for France. Applied Economics Letters 11 (13): 803 – 808.
- A time preference measure of the social discount rate for the UK. Applied Economics 34 (15): 1925 – 1934.
- Evans, David J. 2005. The elasticity of marginal utility of consumption: Estimates for 20 oecd countries. Fiscal Studies 26 (2): 197 – 224.
- Social discount rates and welfare weights for public investment decisions under budgetary restrictions: The case of Cyprus. Fiscal Studies 32 (1): 73 – 107.
- Social discount rates for six major countries. Applied Economics Letters 11 (9): 557 – 560.
- ———. 2005. Social discount rates for member countries of the european union. Journal of Economic Studies 32 (1): 47 – 59.
- Global evidence on economic preferences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133 (4): 1645–1692.
- The Preference Survey Module: A Validated Instrument for Measuring Risk, Time, and Social Preferences. Management Science 69 (4): 1935–1950.
- Discounting for energy transition policies—estimation of the social discount rate for Poland. Energies 14 (3).
- Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature 40 (2): 351–401.
- Very long-run discount rates. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130 (1): 1–53.
- New estimates of the elasticity of marginal utility for the UK. Environmental and Resource Economics 72 (4): 1155 – 1182.
- Risk aversion, intergenerational equity and climate change. Environmental and Resource Economics 28 (2): 195–207.
- A social discount rate for turkey. Quality and Quantity 47 (2): 1085 – 1091.
- Havránek, Tomáš. 2015. Measuring intertemporal substitution: The importance of method choices and selective reporting. Journal of the European Economic Association 13 (6): 1180 – 1204.
- Cross-country heterogeneity in intertemporal substitution. Journal of International Economics 96 (1): 100 – 118.
- Hofstede, Geert. 2003. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations (second edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Few and not so far between: A meta-analysis of climate damage estimates. Environmental and Resource Economics 68 (1): 197–225.
- Carbon taxes and climate commitment with non-constant time preference. Review of Economic Studies 88 (2): 764–799.
- Nondogmatic climate policy. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 9 (4): 807 – 841.
- Estimation of social discount rate for Lithuania. Trendy Ekonomiki a Managementu 10 (26): 91 – 99.
- A social discount rate for appraisal of regional investments: Evidence from Russia. International Journal of Public Administration 37 (14): 1024 – 1029.
- ———. 2016. ”evaluating performance of public sector projects in Russia: The choice of a social discount rate”. International Journal of Project Management 34 (3): 403 – 411.
- Kula, Erhun. 2004. Estimation of a social rate of interest for India. Journal of Agricultural Economics 55 (1): 91 – 99.
- Transport and storage of co2 in the ocean - an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model. Climate Dynamics 2 (2): 63–90.
- More appropriate discounting: the rate of social time preference and the value of the social discount rate. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 4 (1): 1–16.
- ———. 2020. Social discount rates for seventeen Latin American countries: Theory and parameter estimation. Public Finance Review 48 (1): 43 – 71.
- Discounting the distant future: How much do uncertain rates increase valuations? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46 (1): 52–71.
- Nordhaus, William D. 1992. An optimal transition path for controlling greenhouse gases. Science 258: 1315–1319.
- ———. 1993. Rolling the ‘DICE’: An optimal transition path for controlling greenhouse gases. Resource and Energy Economics 15 (1): 27–50.
- ———. 2007. A review of the Stern Review on the economics of climate change. Journal of Economic Literature 45 (3): 686–702.
- ———. 2014. Estimates of the Social Cost of Carbon: Concepts and Results from the DICE-2013R Model and Alternative Approaches. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 1 (1).
- NYSERDA, and RFF. 2021. Estimating the value of carbon: Two approaches. Technical report, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority and Resources for the Future.
- OMB. 2023. Circular no. a-4. Technical report, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, D.C.
- Percoco, Marco. 2008. A social discount rate for Italy. Applied Economics Letters 15 (1): 73 – 77.
- Ramsey, F. P. 1928. A mathematical theory of saving. The Economic Journal 38 (152): 543–559.
- The social cost of carbon: Advances in long-term probabilistic projections of population, gdp, emissions, and discount rates. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2021-Fall: 223 – 305.
- Siblings, not triplets: Social preferences for risk, inequality and time in discounting climate change. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal 3 (26): 1–28.
- Towards a social discount rate for the economic evaluation of health technologies in germany: An exploratory analysis. European Journal of Health Economics 13 (2): 127 – 144.
- Schelling, Thomas C. 1984. Climatic change: Implications for welfare and policy. Ambio 13 (3): 200–201.
- Atmospheric co2 and climate: Importance of the transient response. Journal of Geophysical Research 86 (C4): 3135–3147.
- Social discount rates for six transition countries. Ekonomicky casopis 67 (6): 629 – 646.
- Sohn, Woo-Sik. 2019. Discount rate and the social cost of carbon dioxide: a Korean forecast. Applied Economics 51 (32): 3436 – 3450.
- Solow, Robert M. 1956. A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (1): 65–94.
- Probabilistic projections of baseline twenty-first century CO2 emissions using a simple calibrated integrated assessment model. Climatic Change 170 (3-4).
- Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. London: HM Treasury.
- An even sterner review: Introducing relative prices into the discounting debate. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 2 (1): 61–76.
- Patience and comparative development. Review of Economic Studies 89 (5): 2806–2840.
- Tabi, Andrea. 2013. Using the stated preference method for the calculation of social discount rate. Society and Economy 35 (2): 167 – 186.
- Thimme, Julian. 2017. Intertemporal substitution in consumption: A literature review. Journal of Economic Surveys 31 (1): 226 – 257.
- Tol, Richard S. J. 1997. On the optimal control of carbon dioxide emissions—an application of FUND. Environmental Modelling and Assessment 2: 151–163.
- ———. 2010. International inequity aversion and the social cost of carbon. Climate Change Economics 01 (01): 21–32.
- ———. 2013. Climate policy with Bentham–Rawls preferences. Economics Letters 118 (3): 424–428.
- ———. 2020. The impact of climate change and the social cost of carbon. In Routledge Handbook of Energy Economics, ed. Milton Moss, chapter 16. Abingdon: Routledge, 256–273.
- ———. 2023. Social cost of carbon estimates have increased over time. Nature Climate Change .
- ———. 2024a. Database for the meta-analysis of the social cost of carbon (v2024.0). Papers 2402.09125, arXiv.org.
- ———. 2024b. A meta-analysis of the total economic impact of climate change. Energy Policy 185: 113922.
- The risk-adjusted carbon price. American Economic Review 111 (9): 2782–2810.
- On the social discount rate for South American countries. Applied Economics Letters 30 (4): 429 – 434.
- 基于srtp方法对中国社会折现率的估算 . 统计与决策 21 (393): 1–21.
- How time preferences differ: Evidence from 53 countries. Journal of Economic Psychology 52: 115–135.
- Weitzman, Martin L. 2001. Gamma discounting. American Economic Review 91 (1): 260–271.
- ———. 2007. A review of the stern review on the economics of climate change. Journal of Economic Literature 45 (3): 703 – 724.
Paper Prompts
Sign up for free to create and run prompts on this paper using GPT-5.
Top Community Prompts
Collections
Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.