2000 character limit reached
Relaxation and noise-driven oscillations in a model of mitotic spindle dynamics (2402.10638v2)
Published 16 Feb 2024 in q-bio.SC
Abstract: During cell division, the mitotic spindle moves dynamically through the cell to position the chromosomes and determine the ultimate spatial position of the two daughter cells. These movements have been attributed to the action of cortical force generators which pull on the astral microtubules to position the spindle, as well as pushing events by these same microtubules against the cell cortex and plasma membrane. Attachment and detachment of cortical force generators working antagonistically against centring forces of microtubules have been modelled previously (Grill et al. 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94:108104) via stochastic simulations and mean-field Fokker-Planck equations (describing random motion of force generators) to predict oscillations of a spindle pole in one spatial dimension. Using systematic asymptotic methods, we reduce the Fokker-Planck system to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), consistent with a set proposed by Grill et al., which can provide accurate predictions of the conditions for the Fokker-Planck system to exhibit oscillations. In the limit of small restoring forces, we derive an algebraic prediction of the amplitude of spindle-pole oscillations and demonstrate the relaxation structure of nonlinear oscillations. We also show how noise-induced oscillations can arise in stochastic simulations for conditions in which the mean-field Fokker-Planck system predicts stability, but for which the period can be estimated directly by the ODE model and the amplitude by a related stochastic differential equation that incorporates random binding kinetics.
- Bergstralh DT, St Johnston D (2014) Spindle orientation: what if it goes wrong? In: Seminars Cell Dev. Biol., Elsevier, pp 140–145 Bosveld et al [2016] Bosveld F, Markova O, Guirao B, et al (2016) Epithelial tricellular junctions act as interphase cell shape sensors to orient mitosis. Nature 530(7591):495–498 Burakov et al [2003] Burakov A, Nadezhdina E, Slepchenko B, et al (2003) Centrosome positioning in interphase cells. J Cell Biol 162(6):963–969 Compton and Cleveland [1993] Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Bosveld F, Markova O, Guirao B, et al (2016) Epithelial tricellular junctions act as interphase cell shape sensors to orient mitosis. Nature 530(7591):495–498 Burakov et al [2003] Burakov A, Nadezhdina E, Slepchenko B, et al (2003) Centrosome positioning in interphase cells. J Cell Biol 162(6):963–969 Compton and Cleveland [1993] Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Burakov A, Nadezhdina E, Slepchenko B, et al (2003) Centrosome positioning in interphase cells. J Cell Biol 162(6):963–969 Compton and Cleveland [1993] Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Bosveld F, Markova O, Guirao B, et al (2016) Epithelial tricellular junctions act as interphase cell shape sensors to orient mitosis. Nature 530(7591):495–498 Burakov et al [2003] Burakov A, Nadezhdina E, Slepchenko B, et al (2003) Centrosome positioning in interphase cells. J Cell Biol 162(6):963–969 Compton and Cleveland [1993] Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Burakov A, Nadezhdina E, Slepchenko B, et al (2003) Centrosome positioning in interphase cells. J Cell Biol 162(6):963–969 Compton and Cleveland [1993] Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Burakov A, Nadezhdina E, Slepchenko B, et al (2003) Centrosome positioning in interphase cells. J Cell Biol 162(6):963–969 Compton and Cleveland [1993] Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Compton DA, Cleveland DW (1993) NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis. J Cell Biol 120(4):947–957 Corrigan et al [2015] Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Corrigan AM, Shrestha R, Draviam VM, et al (2015) Modeling of noisy spindle dynamics reveals separable contributions to achieving correct orientation. Biophys J 109(7):1398–1409 Dogterom et al [2005] Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Dogterom M, Kerssemakers JW, Romet-Lemonne G, et al (2005) Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Op Cell Biol 17:67–74 Erban and Chapman [2020] Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Erban R, Chapman SJ (2020) Stochastic modelling of reaction–diffusion processes, vol 60. Cambridge University Press Ezber et al [2020] Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Ezber Y, Belyy V, Can S, et al (2020) Dynein harnesses active fluctuations of microtubules for faster movement. Nature Physics 16(3):312–316 Gillespie [1977] Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Gillespie DT (1977) Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. J Phys Chem 81(25):2340–2361 Goddard et al [2020] Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Goddard GK, Tarannum N, Woolner S (2020) Applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2020(3):pdb–prot105551 Grill et al [2005] Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Grill S, Kruse K, Jülicher F (2005) Theory of mitotic spindle oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 94(10):108104 Harborth et al [1995] Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Harborth J, Weber K, Osborn M (1995) Epitope mapping and direct visualization of the parallel, in-register arrangement of the double-stranded coiled-coil in the NuMA protein. EMBO J 14(11):2447–2460 Hargreaves [2023] Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Hargreaves D (2023) Mitotic spindle dynamics in stretched epithelial tissue in vivo and in silico. PhD thesis, University of Manchester, UK Howard [2006] Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Howard J (2006) Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3(1):54–66 Joshi and Davidson [2010] Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Joshi SD, Davidson LA (2010) Live-cell imaging and quantitative analysis of embryonic epithelial cells in xenopus laevis. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) (39):e1949 Karsenti and Vernos [2001] Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Karsenti E, Vernos I (2001) The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine. Science 294(5542):543–547 Larson and Bement [2017] Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Larson ME, Bement WM (2017) Automated mitotic spindle tracking suggests a link between spindle dynamics, spindle orientation, and anaphase onset in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 28(6):746–759 Li and Jiang [2017] Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Li J, Jiang H (2017) Geometric asymmetry induces upper limit of mitotic spindle size. Biophys J 112(7):1503–1516 Li et al [2019] Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Li J, Cheng L, Jiang H (2019) Cell shape and intercellular adhesion regulate mitotic spindle orientation. Mol Biol Cell 30(19):2458–2468 Milo and Phillips [2015] Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Milo R, Phillips R (2015) Cell biology by the numbers. Garland Science Minc et al [2011] Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Minc N, Burgess D, Chang F (2011) Influence of cell geometry on division-plane positioning. Cell 144(3):414–426 Mitchison and Salmon [2001] Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Mitchison T, Salmon E (2001) Mitosis: a history of division. Nature Cell Biol 3(1):E17–E21 Morin and Bellaïche [2011] Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Morin X, Bellaïche Y (2011) Mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions during animal development. Dev Cell 21(1):102–119 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2018] Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Nestor-Bergmann A, Goddard G, Woolner S, et al (2018) Relating cell shape and mechanical stress in a spatially disordered epithelium using a vertex-based model. Math Med Biol 35(Supplement_1):i1–i27 Nestor-Bergmann et al [2019] Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Nestor-Bergmann A, Stooke-Vaughan GA, Goddard GK, et al (2019) Decoupling the roles of cell shape and mechanical stress in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. Cell reports 26(8):2088–2100 Okumura et al [2018] Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Okumura M, Natsume T, Kanemaki MT, et al (2018) Dynein–dynactin–NuMA clusters generate cortical spindle-pulling forces as a multi-arm ensemble. Elife 7:e36559 Pecreaux et al [2006] Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Pecreaux J, Röper JC, Kruse K, et al (2006) Spindle oscillations during asymmetric cell division require a threshold number of active cortical force generators. Curr Biol 16(21):2111–2122 Pecreaux et al [2016] Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Pecreaux J, Redemann S, Alayan Z, et al (2016) The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability. Biophys J 111(8):1773–1784 Phillips et al [2016] Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Phillips NE, Manning CS, Pettini T, et al (2016) Stochasticity in the mir-9/hes1 oscillatory network can account for clonal heterogeneity in the timing of differentiation. Elife 5:e16118 Rubinstein et al [2009] Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Rubinstein B, Larripa K, Sommi P, et al (2009) The elasticity of motor–microtubule bundles and shape of the mitotic spindle. Phys Biol 6(1):016005 Schneider et al [2012] Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nature methods 9(7):671–675 Tang et al [2018] Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Tang Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, et al (2018) Mechanical forces program the orientation of cell division during airway tube morphogenesis. Dev Cell 44(3):313–325 Théry et al [2007] Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Théry M, Jiménez-Dalmaroni A, Racine V, et al (2007) Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation. Nature 447(7143):493–496 Trokter et al [2012] Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Trokter M, Mücke N, Surrey T (2012) Reconstitution of the human cytoplasmic dynein complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci 109(51):20895–20900 Tsimring [2014] Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Tsimring LS (2014) Noise in biology. Rep Prog Phys 77(2):026601 Woolner et al [2010] Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Woolner S, Miller AL, Bement WM (2010) Imaging the cytoskeleton in live xenopus laevis embryos. Cytoskeleton Meth Protocols pp 23–39 Zhu et al [2010] Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427 Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
- Zhu J, Burakov A, Rodionov V, et al (2010) Finding the cell center by a balance of dynein and myosin pulling and microtubule pushing: a computational study. Mol Biol Cell 21(24):4418–4427
Paper Prompts
Sign up for free to create and run prompts on this paper using GPT-5.
Top Community Prompts
Collections
Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.